Namecoin – A DNS alternative based on Bitcoin

Namecoin is a domain name system based on Bitcoin. It extends Bitcoin to add transactions for registering, updating and transferring names. The idea behind this is to provide an alternative to the existing DNS system where names can be taken from their owners by groups that control the DNS servers.

The project was originally announced in the bitcoin forums and has seen some uptake. The namecoin author, vinced, states in the post:

This is a new blockchain, separate from the main Bitcoin chain
Name/value pairs are stored in the blockchain attached to coins
Names are acquired through new transaction types – new, first-update and update
Names expire after 12000 blocks unless renewed with an update
No two unexpired names can be identical
Block validation is extended to reject transactions that do not follow the above rules
The code is here: https://github.com/vinced/namecoin

A number of projects have been created around this to provide a mapping from namecoin names to standard DNS. This allows resolving namecoin names to a ‘.bit’ suffixed domain. I’ll go through building the namecoin software, registering and updating names, then the software to use these names.

Building Namecoin

Namecoin needs to be built from source. The following steps on a Linux based system will build without UPNP support:

$ git clone git://github.com/vinced/namecoin.git $ cd namecoin namecoin $ make -f makefile.unix USE_UPNP=

Once built you’ll need to create a ~/.namecoin/bitcoin.conf file that contains entries for a username and password used for the JSON-RPC server that namecoind runs. Notice the name of the .conf file is bitcoin.conf even though this is namecoind. It won’t clash with an existing bitcoin installation as it is in a ~/.namecoin directory. To prevent conflict with an existing bitcoin install I suggest running namecoind on a different port. An example ~/.namecoin/bitcoin.conf is:

rpcuser=me rpcpassword=password rpcport=9332

Running namecoind will start the daemon and you can then use namecoind to execute commands:

$ ./namecoind bitcoin server starting $ ./namecoind getblockcount 2167

Yes, it prints out ‘bitcoin server starting’. There are still bitcoin references in the code that need to be changed apparently.

Getting Namecoins

To register a name you need to have some namecoins. These can be obtained via mining, just like bitcoins. Or you can buy them. To mine namecoins you can run any of the standard bitcoin miners and point them to the server and port that is running namecoind. The difficulty level for namecoin mining is currently very low (about 290 at the time of writing) so even CPU miners have a chance. Generating a block gets you 50 namecoins.

You can also buy namecoins as described here. The going rate seems to be about 1BTC for 50 namecoins.

Registering a name

The name_new command will register a name. An example invocation is:

$ ./namecoind name_new d/myname [ "1234567890123456789012345678901234567890", "0987654321" ]

This will start the registration process for the name myname. Note the two hash values returned. Once this is done you need to wait for 12 blocks to be generated by the namecoin network. You then need to run a name_firstupdate command:

$ ./namecoind name_firstupdate d/myname 0987654321 '{"map":{"":"1.2.3.4"}}'

We pass to name_firstupdate the domain name we are updating, the shorter hash that we got from name_new and a JSON value that defines how that name is mapped to an IP address.

In this case the name is mapped to the IP address 1.2.3.4. Using the existing systems for mapping names this would make myname.bit resolve to 1.2.3.4. You can also do subdomains (See the update example later).

The cost to do a name_new, followed by a name_firstupdate, varies depending on how many blocks there are in the namecoin block chain. It started at 50 namecoins and slowly reduces. The formula is defined in the namecoin design document as:

Network fees start out at 50 NC per operation at the genesis block

Every block, the network fees decreases based on this algorithm, in 1e-8 NC:

 res = 500000000 >> floor(nBlock / 8192) res = res - (res >> 14)*(nBlock % 8192)

nBlock is zero at the genesis block
This is a decrease of 50% every 8192 blocks (about two months)
As 50 NC are generated per block, the maximum number of registrations in the first 8192 blocks is therefore 2/3 of 8192, which is 5461
Difficulty starts at 512

Updating a name

To update the domain mapping you use name_update:

$ ./namecoind name_update d/myname '{"map":{"":"1.2.3.4","www":"5.6.7.8"}}'

This example updates the value of myname so it includes a www subdomain. The name www.myname.bit will now map to 5.6.7.8.

There are other possibilities for the JSON mapping. See the namecoin README for details. Note that the JSON code must be valid JSON (ie. use double quotes, unlike the examples currently shown in the README unfortunately).

Transferring a name

To transfer a name to another person you need to get their namecoin address and do an update passing that address:

$ ./namecoind name_update d/myname '{"map":{"":"1.2.3.4"}}' NGZs7UndoWgpfTstoxryYEW8b1GtDLPwMa

Addresses can be generated with:

$ ./namecoind getnewaddress N9jzzaptnQ28uiLgWm19WZAqrGqRVVGkFX

Transferring namecoins

You can transfer namecoins to other people by sending coins to their address just like bitcoin:

$ ./namecoind sendtoaddress N9jzzaptnQ28uiLgWm19WZAqrGqRVVGkFX 50

This will send 50 namecoins to N9jzzaptnQ28uiLgWm19WZAqrGqRVVGkFX.

Listing registered names

You can list all registered namecoin names using name_scan:

$ ./namecoind name_scan { "name" : "d/bluishcoder", "value" : "{\"map\":{\"\":\"69.164.206.88\"}}", "txid" : "....", "expires_in" : 10874 },

You can also list only the names you’ve registered using name_list:

$ ./namecoind name_list { "name" : "d/bluishcoder", "value" : "{\"map\":{\"\":\"69.164.206.88\"}}", "expires_in" : 10874 }

Using namecoin names

Software needs to be modified to use namecoind to lookup the name, or you can run DNS software that connects to namecoin to do lookups. To be able to try out namecoin I modified an HTTP proxy and later tried using DNS software.

HTTP Proxy

I modified the Polipo web proxy to use namecoin for lookups. The modified source is available at https://github.com/doublec/namecoin-polipo. This can be built and run with:

$ git clone https://github.com/doublec/namecoin-polipo $ cd namecoin-polipo $ make $ ./polipo namecoindServer="127.0.0.1:9332" namecoindUsername=rpcuser namecoindPassword=rpcpassword

Changing your browser to point to the proxy on localhost, port 8123, will allow .bit domains to be used. See my forum post about it for more details.

dnsmasq

Another approach I tried was to write a program that generates a ‘host file’ from namecoind and uses dnsmasq to run a local DNS server that serves domains from this host file, falling back to the standard DNS server. The ‘quick and dirty’ code to generate the hosts file is in namecoin-hosts.c and uses libcurl and libjansson to build:

$ gcc -o namecoin-hosts namecoin-hosts.c -lcurl -ljansson

I added the following to my dnsmasq.conf:

local=/.bit/ local-ttl=300 addn-hosts=/tmp/hosts.txt

And created a shell script to update /tmp/hosts.txt with the namecoin related data:

while true; do ./namecoin-hosts 127.0.0.1:9332 rpcuser rpcpassword >/tmp/hosts.txt kill -HUP `cat /var/run/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.pid` echo `date` sleep 300 done

Pointing my OS DNS resolver to the dnsmasq IP address and port allowed .bit names to resolve.

Public .bit DNS servers

Details of a public .bit DNS server that doesn’t require you to run namecoin are available at namecoin.bitcoin-contact.org. That site also provides details on using namecoin.

More Information

Namecoin seems to be very much an experiment in having an alternative DNS like system. The developer has taken the approach of ‘release early’ and iterate towards a solution. As such it may fizzle out and go nowhere. Or it may prove a useful test-bed for ideas that make it into a successful DNS alternative.

More details about Namecoin can be obtained from: